Primary and Support Activities of Value Chain free essay sample

Raytheon Company has created new software that improves the logistics system of the company by providing constant tracking data of all products in the inventory, which has saved the company nearly $9M. MTrak is a web-based system that includes the Microsoft . Net technology, which is used to capture bar-code scans and combines it with information from the mainframe computer to provide tracking of all inventories anywhere within the company. A lot of stuff got lost, company had to have multiple people sitting by the phones to take the calls asking where the parts were. The creation of MTrak brings Raytheon online with its competitors in the industry. While the system does not create a competitive advantage to Raytheon, it does negate the disadvantage of a bad supply control system. The creation of MTrak contributes to the entire value chain by tracking the products from the beginning of the chain at Inbound Logistics, through Operations, Outbound Logistics, Marketing and Sales, through to the end of the chain at Service. We will write a custom essay sample on Primary and Support Activities of Value Chain or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The Technology and Competitive Forces The major problem at Raytheon was lost inventory. The suppliers were not to blame because they were able to account for every piece of property they supplied through their fully automated supply chains. From the beginning, the goal was to create a system that would track all materials used by Raytheon such as resistors, capacitors and customized computer chips from the time of order through receiving, testing, placement in inventory and final use in a military field radio, handheld motion sensor or some other Raytheon product . Whenever Raytheon received calls for a missing delivery personnel would physically search the area to see if the product was still there. In some cases, if the item couldn’t be found the employees would reorder the item so production schedules could be met.. The MTrak is a web-based system that includes such technologies as Microsoft . Net and Biz Talk 2004. These technologies, which captures bar-code scans and other information on incoming deliveries, combine it with other information from the mainframe system such as purchase-order inventory, anufacture-scheduling data. The integration of the MTrak and mainframe computers is possible through the use of software provided by WRQ Verastream. This system lets employees track the status and movement of parts throughout the entire company from a web browser. Competitive Forces-Value Chain The Value Chain consists of five Primary Value Chain Activities and four generic categories of support activities. The primary value chain activ ities are supported by the generic categories. In this case the primary chain activities that are being supported are the Inbound Logistics, Operations, Outbound Logistics, and Marketing and Sales. The supporting category is Technology Development. Raytheon created this technology in-house with publicly available software. Even though integrating the software into the daily business of the company did not create a competitive advantage, Raytheon was able to save money in many areas including lost inventory, delayed production, and outsourcing software development. Supporting the Company The MTrak tracking system provides a state-of-the-art software package that provides Raytheon with the means to track its entire inventory throughout the entire company from a web browser. This technology improves the value chain of the entire company. Though the use of this technology, Raytheon will be on a level playing field with other companies in the industry. It may even spur Raytheon an advantage in the future as the company continues to grow.

Zombie Like Hunger Professor Ramos Blog

Zombie Like Hunger Crawling out  of hidden crevices, craving, starving, begging for something to be in their stomachs, arms stretched out, reaching for you, clawing  at  you for something to eat you’ve seen this every day when you  see the skinny homeless man on the corner asking for help.   What can we do as a nation, as an individual to solve National Hunger or even World Hunger?   Being an American myself who grew up in a middle-class home and never wanted when it comes to food, I find it hard to imagine people starving just hoping for food.  Ã‚  Its  even harder to believe that it happens right in our own backyard, yes, we have people starving on the streets here too.   It’s a place in Los Angeles called Skid Row.  Ã‚   â€Å"Skid rows are thus notorious as spaces of rough sleeping, with temporary pavement encampments or ‘cardboard cities’ offering refuge for those who congregate in these areas† (Hubbard).   Skid Row in LA is a community of homeless people, many of which are malnourished and not getting proper care.   Even in my home town, every day driving home, I see a man, whose skin has seen too much sun, scars that his long stringy beard can’t cover, and bones that skin hangs loosely on, seeing almost every detail of every bone that his loose clothes fail to cover.   To the best of my knowledge this man served our country at one point in his life, and I can only assume this man suffered some trauma where living a â€Å"normal† life is now impossible.   I bought him a meal from McDonalds one day and this made me wonder something powerful, I may have fed him today, but how can we as a community, we as a nation, we as a race fix this so this man doesnâ₠¬â„¢t go hungry some nights, when a stranger decides not to offer a little help?   What if we double the food we currently have?   Now, you are  skeptical, I don’t blame you, and I can assume your train of thought right now is thinking how in the world are we going to double the food we have available when we already have so many starving people?   We may have a way to do this, it’s a project called the Veg Series.   Veggie is the module on the International Space Station where they are going crops in  space.   They have  Ã¢â‚¬Å"The  Pick-and-Eat Salad-Crop Productivity, Nutritional Value, and Acceptability to Supplement the ISS Food System (Veg-04) investigation is the next step in efforts to address the need for a continuous fresh-food production system in space† (Massa).  Ã‚  Veg-04 is the latest of the series on the Veggie Module,  where they have started growing many different crops.   If we  can implement these modules on much grander scales on Earth in places that crops are hard to plant due to overheated areas or underheated areas, and/or soil conditions we could start a steady supply of food for all nations. What  separates  Veggie facilities from a large green house?   Well, Veggie crops are grown with Red and Blue LED Lights, they also add Green LED Lights purely for color to appease our visual appetites instead of these plants  getting direct sunlight.   These plants are grown with a prepackaged pillow that contains all the necessary  nutrients instead of soil.   Also, because they are in a controlled environment they are  actually cleaner  and contain less bacteria and other harmful substances that we have grown used to with our  soil-based  crops.   â€Å"Through numerous tests the Veg-03 science team has refined the pillow concept and selected growth media and fertilizers, plant species, materials, and protocols for using the pillow concept in Veggie to grow healthy plants that can provide crew with food and recreation† (Massa). NASA is currently working with Dubai testing a version of Veggie.   â€Å"I’m working with countries like Dubai, who have the problem of importing almost 95% of all their fruits and vegetables because of the horrendous heat and the environment for growing things there† (Zamprelli).   They are doing this to help Dubai grow their own plant-based food, and in doing so furthering their development of Veggie.   The general blueprint for Earth Veggie is  a  giant warehouse like module that contains  massive crop  selections.   They  will  use the sun to power the facilities and  to  grow these crops to feed the population. You may be thinking now that  there is one major flaw in my logic, money.   Where is all this money supposed to come from?   You are correct, money is an issue here, these giant warehouse modules are not going to be cheap to make, however once they are built they  facilities  become almost self-reliant.   Assuming the government cares enough about its people to want to keep  them  all fed and happy most likely they will invest in the Veggie facilities to save lives. Other critics of my logic is instead of doubling our resources, why don’t we just kill half the population randomly.   Well, that would help to solve world hunger, but not only is genocide  generally frowned  upon, but with this new possibility for food, it would be the humane way to go, saving lives and filling bellies.   Also, with the universe always expanding we can always continue to colonize other plants to avoid over population when we develop the means to do this. We could keep sending money to charities for starving children in foreign countries, there is nothing wrong with feeding a child one time.   However, if we could permanently fill that child’s belly we as a race need to do whatever we can.   So, what can we as a nation, as an individual do to help this succeed?   When it comes  time  to vote,  we  can keep this in mind, and vote for those in office who want to promote NASA funding, and spread awareness of this as a solid solution to World Hunger.   Once the Veggie facilities start being implemented in all countries all humans will be fed and we can start focusing on  exciting  things, like space travel. Work Cited Hubbard, Phil. skid row.  The Dictionary of Human Geography, Derek Gregory, Blackwell Publishers, 5th edition, 2009.  Credo Reference, https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/bkhumgeo/skid_row/0?institutionId=5312. Accessed 06 Aug. 2018. The article â€Å"skid row† is a scholarly source that helps define the North American term for Skid Row.   I’m using it to help me define skid row and to help people see that we have hunger in America too.   Its reliable because Phil Hubbard is a professor of Urban Social Geography. Massa,  Gioia  D, Et Al., VEG-01: Veggie hardware validation testing on the International Space Station. Open Agriculture. 2017 January 1; 2(1): 33-41. DOI: 10.1515/opag-2017-0003. Accessed 24 Jul. 2018 I’m using this article to show that you can create crops anywhere  if  you have energy. Massa explains how the Veg-01 works and what it is being used for.   It’s a credible and scholarly source  because  Massa has a PH. D in food production  and  also  is a NASA  Scientist. Beasley, David, Et  Al.,  Ã¢â‚¬Å"World Hunger Again  On  The Rise, Driven By Conflict And Climate Change, New UN Report Says†Ã‚  https://www.wfp.org/news/news-release/world-hunger-again-rise-driven-conflict-and-climate-change-new-un-report-says  Accessed Aug-5-2018 This article shows the statistics of World Hunger.   Specifically, this article shows which countries are having the biggest problems with hunger.   I’m using it to show a number figure of all the people in the world who are starving.   It’s a reliable source because its collaboration of people trying to stop  world  hunger, and it cites the United Nations news release. Takruri, Dena, â€Å"Inside Skid Row: Americas Homelessness Capital | Direct From With Dena  Takruri  Ã‚  AJ+†,  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vTJWdtX90C0  Accessed Aug-5-2018 Its  an interview with one of the residents of Skid Row, this  youtube  video shows the conditions of Skid Row, LA.   I’m using this video to show the conditions of skid row and hunger in America.   It’s a reliable source  due to the fact that  it comes directly from skid row. Space Station Live: Everything Is Coming Up Veggie  Ã‚  Youtube  uploaded by NASA John,13 Apr 2016,  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9JDAZBoLJUc  Accessed Jul-24-2018 This interview with Massa tells directly what they are doing with the VEG-01.   I’m using this to help share how it keeps plants alive without the use of natural sunlight and soil.   Its  scholarly because Massa herself describes the VEG-01. Ridley-Thomas, Mark â€Å"Housing the Homeless on Skid Row†Ã‚  http://ridley-thomas.lacounty.gov/index.php/housing-the-homeless-on-skid-row/  Accessed Aug-8-2018 Massa,  Gioia, Et Al., â€Å"Pick-and-eat Salad-crop Productivity, Nutritional Value, and Acceptability to Supplement the ISS Food System†Ã‚  Ã‚  https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/research/experiments/explorer/Investigation.html?#id=7442  Accessed Aug-6-2018 I’m using this article to show where we are with â€Å"Veggie†.   Its scholarly because its provided by  Gioia  Massa a NASA scientist who has a PH. D in Food  Production.   The article â€Å"Pick-and-eat Salad-crop Productivity, Nutritional Value, and Acceptability to Supplement the ISS Food System† explains what Veg-04 is and what its purpose is. â€Å"Homeless Zombie† posted by Ted Hammond on  ARTWanted  https://www.pinterest.com/pin/657877458039267622/ Zamprelli, Paul  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Space  Station Live: Lettuce Look at Veggie† uploaded by NASA Johnson Accessed 08-06-2018 The  youtube  video â€Å"Space Station Live: Lettuce Look at Veggie† is scholarly because its interviewing Paul  Zamprelli  who works for  Obitec  the company that developed Veggie.   He explains some things already known about Veggie, but he also shares about their plans for Veggie involving Earth.   I’m using this to provide proof that its already starting in places that is known for not being able to grow their own crops due to heat conditions. â€Å"Veggie Images†Ã‚   uploaded by NASA,  https://www.nasa.gov/image-feature/flowers-harvested-on-the-ground-and-in-space-for-deep-space-food-crop-research  accessed Aug-8-2018 Radioactive Zombie Uploaded by Fandom, http://nazizombiesplus.wikia.com/wiki/Radioactive_Zombie

Performance Evaluations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Performance Evaluations - Essay Example Plant engineer performance can be evaluated on criteria such as central services’ design, provision of technical support to maintain plant equipment and facilities, energy saving and production cost of energy (Amrine, Ritchey, Moodie, and Kmec, 2009). Similarly, specific criteria should be used to evaluate the performance of the employees according to their position. Secondly, the evaluation of an individual’s behavior is very essential for the provision of good outcomes, employees must have good behavior with each other; because collective decision making, work sharing, putting ideas for improvement and taking extra responsibility; helps in making organization productive. Therefore, behaviors of one employee with work and with peers should be evaluated. Behavioral evaluation is necessary for plant engineer because he has to work with others and if employees are not happy with him; they will not help him in making satisfactory outcomes. Third, the performance evaluation should be based on individual traits. This is the weakest criteria, but still it is widely used by organizations. Traits such as looking busy, having a good attitude, coming on work on time or before time and having experience are not significantly connected with optimistic results of tasks or may be connected (Robbins, Judge and Sanghi, 2009). Fourth, professional development is also an important criterion for performance evaluation. In such criteria, it is considered that either employee is continuing with his/her education, struggling for excellence, searching for opportunities in order to learn and grow and other such factors. By using different criteria, company and managers identify the strengths and weaknesses of employees. Performance evaluation criterion is an effective tool for the betterment of the organization. From analyzing the outcomes of the tasks, organization can assess

What is the best nursing intervention to prevent urinary tract Essay

What is the best nursing intervention to prevent urinary tract infection for older people - Essay Example Very few of the nursing interventions have been studied and proven to be safe and useful to the patient. The paper will mainly focus on the best available evidencesupporting nursing interventions for the elderly that suffer from incontinence and urinary tract infections. Older people will be the main focus because of their vulnerability to infections (Miller, 2008) and the care provided to them. Definitions of both terms will be provided and an analysis of each will be done based on the best nursing interventions. Protocols and policies concerning the prevention of urinary tract infections will be looked at and of major interests will be examined from a range of countries. The subject is very important because it provides an insight into the issues concerning incontinence and urinary tract infection in the elderly adults. It also provides information of the best nursing practices that can be used in the prevention of these conditions and provide a future plan for the control and prevention of such conditions. Incontinence is a very common, disturbing and potentially immobilizing condition in the elderly or geriatric population. Incontinence can be defined as an involuntary loss of the stool or urine in adequate quantities or frequency to comprise a health and/or a social problem (Vieria, 2009). The condition is heterogeneous and it varies in severity from the occasional incidents of trickling small quantities of urine to a continuous urinary incontinence and associated fecal incontinence (Abrass, Kane and Ouslander, 2004). Older persons with incontinence are not usually severely bedridden, demented or in the nursing homes. Many of these patients in the community and in the institutions are ambulatory and their mental functioning is good (Abrass, Kane and Ouslander, 2004). Incontinence has impact on the self-esteem of the patient and there is the usual fear of soiling or wetting during a sexual intercourse and this has a

Antisocial Behaviors Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Antisocial Behaviors - Essay Example or factors, which have contributed to the person’s behaviors; (4) the interventions that have been tried with the person in attempts to improve behaviors, including personal opinions on any programs, services the person should be involved with; (5) a comparison of similarities between the person profiled and a person with antisocial behaviors; and (6) comments on similarities or differences between the person profiled and what have been learned about people with antisocial behaviors. Individuals exposed to diverse scenarios and experiences react differently. There are a multitude of factors that influence the behavior of people. The ability to interact and socialize is dependent on external and internal factors which directly affect the individual’s perception and response to various stimuli. Some experiences could be both traumatic and ingrained in an individual’s memory causing an emergence of antisocial behaviors. This essay is hereby written to present a profile of an individual exhibiting antisocial and delinquent behavior. The personal, family and community background of the individual would be delved into with the aim of evaluating the factors which influenced the predilection for behaving antisocially. The individual’s name is Jorge, 46 years of age, married, currently experiencing chronic illness of various kinds. He admitted exhibiting antisocial behavior ever since he was on his elementary level in school. He fears rejection, is basically shy, does not enjoy interacting with others for social reasons except for compliance to academic requirements, he admits to having mood swings, and imposed a self recluse in his own room. He was an adopted child and the only child in the family. His mother, a university professor, works full time to support the family. His father does not have a regular job also due to chronic illness and an amputated leg. The family changed residences five times since his birth and likewise, transferred in five different

Human Resource Management Business Impact

Human Resource Management Business Impact People are commonly considered to be an organisations greatest asset simply because they have the power as individuals to decide. They decide on strategic, tactical and operational levels to obtain the most favourable results from whatever situation arises. It is therefore extremely important to train and develop the human resources as it determines a companys success. Over the past few decades, a growing awareness of the importance of the HRM process has lead to continual improvements in the field; thus causing more competence. In order to create efficiency in communication, training and general management, individuals were put in charge especially to manage the people within an organisation. Slowly this progressed and became a common department in any common organisation. Human resource management is a particularly important area which transcends all primary activities. It is concerned with those activities involved in recruiting, managing, training, developing and rewarding people within the organisation The firm will need an overall workforce (or human resource) strategy. In achieving this, HRM will need to work closely with other departments to ensure the firm is employing people with the right skills and right time The HR plan contains an assessment of: National and local changes in the population, analysed by numbers, ages, skills and location An analysis of the current internal labour supply Consideration of any proposed developments in the companys organisation, location and structure. This information can be used to evaluate the likely effects on labour turnover, the implications for recruitment, expected training requirements for existing and anticipated new staff, and the probable effects on morale and labour relations. The main difficulty of creating a workforce plan is the problem of estimating future demand for labour. Demand will change as a result of the firm changing strategy (e.g. new markets opening up, existing market demand falling), and competitor actions. Organisation adopt a core and periphery approach, employing a core of highly trained full-time staff, which is supplemented by a periphery of part time- often temporary- employees. This can bring greater staffing flexibility, although part-time staff may lack motivation, and communication becomes more difficult. HRM emphasises that people are an organization key source due to their flexibility, creativity and commitment. Communication takes place within the organization and with outside agencies internal communication may flow down the hierarchy through the chain of command or may be more informal. External communication tends to be more formal, taking place with the major external stakeholders: suppliers, customer, shareholders, the government and public. 1.2: Assess the purpose of strategic human resource management activities in an organization. Internal scanning explains and documents the makeup of the current supply of the workforce and the human resources activities within an organization. It looks at the composition and diversity of the workforce, including what type of skills and jobs are available, what type of human resources policies and programs already exist, what is the culture and structure of the organization, and what are the trends in regard to tenure, turnover rates, etc. In addition, consideration should be given to such issues as prevailing personnel problems, managerial attitudes concerning human resources, etc. External scanning tracks trends and developments in the external environment, documenting their implications for human resources management and ensuring they receive attention in the human resources planning process. This assessment looks at: 1) how the economy is performing both locally and nationally, 2) how technology is expected to change and how these changes will influence the type and number of jobs available and the skills and education needed for these jobs, 3) what the current and future labor market looks like regarding the availability of certain occupations and the people necessary to fill them, 4) the requirements are for current or future government regulations, such as affirmative action and equal employment opportunity or regulations which influence agency-specific programs, 5) identifying the sources for competition in terms of attracting people (salary, benefit packages, etc.), and 6) what overall trends can be identified that could influence an organization such a s the movement towards decentralization and restructuring. Vetter (1967) defined human resource planning as the process by which management determines how the organization should move from its current manpower position to its desired position. Through planning, management strives to have the right number and the right kinds of people, at the right places, at the right time, doing things which result in both the organization and the individual receiving maximum long-run benefits. Contemporary human resource planning occurs within the broad context of organizational and strategic business planning. It involves forecasting the organizations future human resource needs and planning for how those needs will be met. It includes establishing objectives and then developing and implementing programs (staffing, appraising, compensating, and training) to ensure that people are available with the appropriate characteristics and skills when and where the organization needs them. It may also involve developing and implementing programs to improve employee performance or to increase employee satisfaction and involvement in order to boost organizational productivity, quality, or innovation (Mills, 1985b). Finally, human resource planning includes gathering data that can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of ongoing programs and inform planners when revisions in their forecasts and programs are needed. 1.3: Evaluate the contribution of strategic human resource management to the achievement of an organisations objectives Functions of Human Resources Management (HRM) include various key activities important in business development. The HR Manager decides for the organizations staffing needs and then decides whether to employ by independent contractors or hire employee to fill these needs, recruiting and training the best employees. The HR Manager must ensure that these employees are high performers and deal with performance issues; and ensure that the personnel and management practices used conforms with various regulations Activities in HRM also include managing employee benefits and compensation, employee records and personnel policies. An organization must ensure that employees are aware of personnel policies which conform to the current organization regulations. These policies are often in the employee manuals, which all employees have. There are seven (7) major HRM processes namely: HR strategy, Recruiting, Assignment, Development, Reward, Protection, and Personnel administration. HR strategy is the strategic approach that the HR manager will undertake. This strategy is composed of objectives, goals and processes on how to attain the organizations business objectives and goals. Task 2 To: Etcetera Ltd From: Human resource manager Subject: Human Resources planning 2.1 Analyse the business factors that underpin human resource planning in an organisation. Human resource planning is a systematic series of continuing processes that determines the needs of an organisation and plans them accordingly (Bennison and Casson 1984). The reason human resources are planned is due to the simple need that any successful business needs efficiency. Planning eliminates wasted time and resources by preparation. The planning process is divided into several stages; analysing current human resource utilisation, forecasting the demand for human resources, forecasting the supply of human resources, developing action plans and evaluating the planning process. Human Resource Management (HRM) is a strategic and coherent approach in managing an organizations most valued assets- the individuals who are working collectively and contributes in achieving success of the objectives of the business. The terms human resource management (HRM) and human resources (HR) have largely replaced the term Personnel Management as a description of the processes involved in managing people in organizations 2.2 Assess the human resource requirements in a given situation With the development of technology, data collection and presentation has become much more sophisticated and efficient. HR planners can use computer technology very effectively to analyse data about the workforce. Information such as experience, length of service, qualifications, potential attendance, productivity, efficiency and personal data have all contributed to the accurate analysis of human resource utilisation. With the use of this data it has become easy and efficient to forecast possible situations regarding specifically HR demand. As mentioned above, the analysed data can be efficiently used to determine current conditions. It is especially important to forecast demand in time in a dynamic working environment where new products and premises are bound to increase. Corporate plans are also projected into a shared system to co-ordinate forecasting. In some cases however there is no data that can project future requirements; these cases would be linked to general economic, political or industrial change. Existing human resources classified by organisational demography, more specifically by department, occupation, skill level, status, age, gender, aptitudes, experience, qualifications, job history, length of service and ethnicity. Specific work history; absenteeism, commitment, involvement and disciplinary matters. Ensuring all personnel/HRM activities help to add value by helping the organisation achieve its objective. Motivating workers to achieve improved performance Action plans are based on a comparison of forecast demand and forecast supply. This will determine deficits and surpluses. Evaluation is suggested to be based on outputs rather than inputs. Storey and Sissons have a variety of techniques such as simple audits to conclude if targets have been met, how many vacancies have been filled and how much costs were reduced. 2.3 Develop a human resource plan for an organisation To develop a human resource plan for Electra this below Five Major Stages in workforce planning link the strategic and human resources planning processes. Collecting Data and Information Forecasting Reconciliation Action Plans Feedback and Evaluation 1. Collecting Data and Information: At the strategic planning level, an organization conducts a number of assessments to determine its long-range objectives, usually for up to five years. At this level, the human resources planning process assesses such issues as strategic plan implications, factors external to an organization, and the internal supply of employees over the long-run. Human resources collect data and information to analyze and assess these types of issues, but do not make detailed projections. Data and information are collected through scanning internal and external environments of an organization. 2. Forecasting: The strategic plan eventually breaks down into operational plans that state specific objectives an organization wants to accomplish over the next six months to one year. This will, in turn, forecast future human resource needs. The focus for human resources becomes forecasting the number of currently available employees with the appropriate skills and educational levels to meet operational plans. This information is drawn from internal and external assessments, but is further refined for these plans. The forecasting process highlights the supply and demand principle of the model. Strategic and operational plans determine the necessary human resource requirements (demand) needed, while the human resources planning process forecasts the availability (supply) of human resources. 3. Reconciliation: Reconciliation identifies those gaps that occur between supply and demand. This process focuses an organization on specific human resource issues that need to be addressed. This allows an organization to move forward with its operational plans. The process of reconciliation helps identify what the major gaps or sources of pain are in managing human resources. In addition, through reconciling an organization is able to develop a sense of urgency and build commitment to action regarding its sources of pain. 4. Action Plans: Action plans represent programs and policies needed to address the gaps identified in the reconciliation process. To be successful and ensure accountability, action plans must outline specific responsibilities, timelines, staff, and financial resources necessary to address those gaps. 5. Feedback and Evaluation: Feedback and evaluation are critical to the success and effectiveness of the workforce planning process. These two mechanisms are ways to retrieve information to evaluate and make adjustments to the process. Feedback: Feedback mechanisms should be designed to retrieve information so programs and policies can be evaluated to determine how well the process works. This provides input to update strategic or organizational plans. Inadequate feedback mechanisms or plans can cause small problems to grow into large problems that impede the overall process. Evaluation: In implementing evaluation mechanisms, it is important to first determine what is to be measured. Normally, human resources strategies are measured in terms of implementation or completion of actual programs. But to provide more meaningful information, measures have to be designed to determine the effect the action plans have had on the defined issues. Therefore, it is important to identify specific measures and target levels to be achieved and what the end results should be. 2.4 Critically evaluate how a human resource plan can contribute to meeting an organisations objectives. Human resource planning has traditionally been used by organizations to ensure that the right person is in the right job at the right time. Under past conditions of relative environmental certainty and stability, human resource planning focused on the short term and was dictated largely by line management concerns. Increasing environmental instability, demographic shifts, changes in technology, and heightened international competition are changing the need for and the nature of human resource planning in leading organizations. Planning is increasingly the product of the interaction between line management and planners. In addition, organizations are realizing that in order to adequately address human resource concerns, they must develop long-term as well as short term solutions. As human resource planners involve themselves in more programs to serve the needs of the business, and even influence the direction of the business, they face new and increased responsibilities and challenges 3.1 Explain the purpose of human resource management policies in organisations There are lot of purpose of human resource management policies was known to manage the employees within an organisation in many aspects; such as recruitment, selection, evaluation, motivation, general management and termination. One can argue that not much has changed and it is still the same as HRM, but from comparing the process over the past few decades, we can see that the process has actually evolved quite significantly. Human resource management, unlike personnel management, has become a process that is very closely linked with the other departments of an organisation. This helps the HRM department to foresee and prepare for possible circumstances; such as increased workloads and redundancies. Below is a table of perceived differences between Personnel Management and Human Resource Management (Beer and Spector, 1985): Strategic integration: HRM is integrated with the organisations strategic plans. High commitment: management of people ensures employees are genuinely pursuing the goals of the organisation. Flexibility: HRM policies are subject to change; meaning innovations and changes in the business fields will be anticipated by HRM and the policies thereby structured. High quality: the process of human resource management is done with high quality to ensure high quality results. This will eventually affect the quality of goods/services provided. 3.2 Analyse the impact of regulatory requirements on human resources policies in an organisation Human resources manager plays many varieties of roles in the organisations. Following are some of his/her role to carry out on daily basis. Guidance Role Directly involves with companys HR Policy making, and implementation those policies, Advisory role Offering specialist service to the employers and employees. Offering advice for line managers for changes in legislations, conducting appraisals, etc. For employees, advice about their rights, counselling, Etc. Service Role Carrying out various administrative tasks e.g. payroll, giving reference, and delivering of Human Resources Management Programs. (Recruitment, Selection, welfare so on) Control/auditing role Analysing personal indices. (Such as labour turn over, wage cost) monitoring performances carrying out bench marking Planning/organizing role Forecasting future man power needs, adopting new labour practices. Human resource planning: forecasting organisations future labour and skills requirements. Recruitment: Attracting more suitable applicant required by HR plan Selection: Selecting most suitable employees Retention: retaining staffs by promoting and motivating Exit Management: managing termination of the employment, retainment, dealing with grievance procedure. Task 3 To: Head of TESCO human resource department From: Independent human resource consultant Subject: Reviewing human resource department 4.1 Analyses the impact of an organisational structure on the management of human resource organization structure: The study of organizations includes a focus on optimizing organizational structure. According to management science, most human organizations fall roughly into four types: Pyramids or hierarchies Committees or juries Matrix organizations Ecologies An organizational structure is a mostly hierarchical concept of subordination of entities that collaborate and contribute to serve one common aim. Organizations are a number of clustered entities. The structure of an organization is usually set up in one of a variety of styles, dependent on their objectives and ambience. The structure of an organization will determine the modes in which it shall operate and will perform. Organizational structure allows the expressed allocation of responsibilities for different functions and processes to different entities. Ordinary description of such entities is as branch, site, department, work groups and single people. Contracting of individuals in an organizational structure normally is under timely limited work contracts or work orders or under timely unlimited employment contracts or program orders. (Robbins, S.F., Judge, T.A. (2007)) There are four formats of Tesco. They are Tesco, Tesco Extra, Tesco Metro and Tesco Express. Tesco Express is small in size and scale compare to other Tescos. So the decision making process is shorter and quicker which is important for an organisation of this nature. Tesco Express has a flat structure. There are four duty managers who get the ideas to how to handle the workload from the Site Manager. They run the shifts and they have team leaders working under them who take part in decision making to some extent. Stock controller and administrator also a major character in the organisation. They have to do specific task and also if they get time, they must help other colleagues work. On the last level of the organisation there are customer service assistants. They deal with the customers directly. They serve the customers on the tills and they do the shelf filling as well. They are the major part of our management team 4.2 Analyses the impact of organisational culture on the management of human resources Organizations are as individual as nations and societies. They have widely differing cultures, and these are reflected in their values, ideals and beliefs. The organizations culture is what gives meaning and purpose to the work lives of its members. An organization culture influences its strategy, its ways of doing business and they it responds to change. A strong culture will be beneficial if it focuses on need to change proactively. The culture of an organisation influence the way in which it operates, so it is necessary to understand the culture before deciding how people might contribute to the success or failure of the organisation. Put in simple terms, the culture of an organisation can be defined as: The Way We Do Things Here! Our organisation has a task culture. Task culture-It is very much a small team approach the network organisation small organisations co-operating together to deliver a project. The emphasis is on results and getting things done. Individuals empowered with discretion and control over their work is flexible and adaptable.'(Charles Handy, 1985). In our organisation, Tesco Express, we have team-based approach to perform any job. Team work plays the major role to achieve organizational objectives. The culture of our organization is working as a team, co-operating each other to achieve our goals and objectives. In the team all the staffs are empowered, so they feel motivated and important at work. All the staffs are empowered to make decisions to some extent and they are given responsibilities within the team. So the staffs feel valued and responsible for their jobs. In my work place has nearly 20 Staff. This staffs are from different ethical background and different countries, so various behaviours of team members mesh together in order to achieve objectives. We all work hard successfully in our team. Our manager guides us to do our work properly. 4.3 Examine how the effectiveness of human resources management is monitored in an organisation The Human resource department is the companys greatest asset; because without man power, everyday business functions could be completed. That is why it is important to maximize organizational effectiveness, human potential-individuals capabilities, time, and talents-must be managed. Human resource management works to ensure that employees are able to meet the organizations goals. Companys today are continuously changing. Organizational change has an impact not only the business but also its employees; the company at all time should be considerate to its entire employee. The company and employees should work together in harmony to remain productivity, and the HR manager is the bridge for the company and the employees to understand each other. Every organisation aims to keep a good staff retention record. However, retaining staff can be very time consuming and expensive. To retain staff is to give them reason to stay. This is normally done by giving employees incentives in addition to salary. These incentives normally take financial form; however, other psychological incentives work just as well. These psychological incentives can be as simple as verbal encouragement. This ultimately leads to motivation; therefore better performance. Other forms of psychological incentives include added responsibility and work challenges. Employees not only work for money, they work also to satisfy their psychological needs. As long as incentives are fair, employees will carry on working with more conviction. This will lead to good retention levels and result in lower costs in terms of recruitment. 4.4 Make justified recommendations to improve the effectiveness of human resources management in an organisation. HR manager it is my role to ensure that the organizations objectives and goals are followed by all personnel. Constant communication with the employees and evaluating their performance in their work will help me in this role. Problems in terms of the organizations work force must be immediately resolved in order to prevent unnecessary complexities. Our workforce is the organizations valued asset. It is my duty as HR manager to ensure that these assets will remain an asset for the organization; keeping our workforce productive and competitive in our business. The HR manager is a both a business and a strategic partner of the company. The HR manager contributes to the development and accomplishments of the companys business strategies and objectives. As a strategic partner, the HR manager designs the companys work positions: hiring, reward, recognition, and strategic pay; performance development and appraisal systems; career and succession planning; and employee development. As business partners, the HR manager have to think like business people, know finance and accounting, and be accountable and responsible for cost reductions and the measurement of all HR programs and processes. The HR manager can be considered as an employee sponsor or advocate, because of the integral role the HR manger plays in the company success due to his knowledge about and advocacy of the people. The expertise of the HR manager includes the managers expertise in creating a work environment in which people will be motivated to work, productive and happy in the co mpany. The HR manager provides employee development opportunities, assistance programs, gain sharing and profit-sharing strategies, due process approaches in solving corporate problems and schedule regular communication opportunities. The HR manager contributes to the company by constantly assessing and ensuring effective HR function. It is also the role of the HR manager to the companys mission, vision, values, goals, and action plan. Managers within the organization will help in handling our personnel. As a big organization with branches and different departments, it will be difficult to handle all the organizations personnel. Line managers can help in managing this problem. Line managers will be the one responsible in handling the personnel under their respective jurisdiction. They will be the one in charge to report to the HR manager all the progress and problems of an employee hey handle. The organizations HRM will be centralized, where the HR manager handles all the personnel through the line managers. By this means all problems in terms of the organizations personnel will be given enough attention and priority.

The Impact of Global Warming on Human Health Essay -- Climate Change E

When one hears the phrase â€Å"global warming,† what often comes to mind is melting ice caps and warmer winters but most people are horribly unaware of the effects that global warming will have on human health. Food shortages, contaminated water, extreme weather, and deadly heat threaten the world because of the warming temperatures of our earth. The effects of these can be seen today and their influence will be magnified in the not-so-distant future. But the most dangerous threat we face from global warming is the spread of disease. The term global warming refers to an unnatural and accelerated increase in temperature. These increases are mostly due to the release of heat trapping gases such as methane, nitrous oxide, halocarbons, and ozone. Almost all of these are byproducts of human commerce and activity. Things like car emissions, raising livestock, producing industrial chemicals and even deforestation add more of these chemicals to our air, throwing off the natural balance of our atmosphere (Berger 30). The mean temperature on Earth has risen about 1 degree Fahrenheit since the industrial revolution. It has been predicted that the climate could increase about 2.2 to 10 degrees in the next 100 years (EPA 2 0f 2). This data is supported by countless satellites, weather studies, oceanic studies and computer models of world wide climate patterns and this warming is inevitable (Shute et al 44). When doing global warming research one must be cautious, because the biggest source of misinformation on global w arming is the fossil fuel companies who will have you believe that global warming and it’s ill effects are nothing but scientific hype.    These ruthless companies go to great lengths to ensure that their business will... ...Health.† Futurist 26.2 (1992): 34-38. Shute, Nancy et al. â€Å"The Weather Turns Wild Global warming could cause droughts, disease, and political upheaval.† US News and World Report 5 Feb. 2001: 44-52. Sierra Club. 11 March 2003 . Other Works â€Å"Green House Effects.† Time Dec. 1999: 78-9 Global Warming International Center. 11 Nov. 2001. 11 Mar. 2003 . â€Å"Global Warming Disease Scares Are Based on Hype, Not Science, Notes Lancet Letter.† Consumer Alert. Apr. 1998. 11 Mar 2003 . Kaiser, Jocely. â€Å"NAS backs study of health, global change.† Science. 269.5231 (1995): 1659. Last, John M. â€Å"New causes for new diseases.† World Health. 50.1 (1997): 12-13.

Memo for ABC Complete Kitchens Inc Essay

â€Å"Great organizations demand a high level of commitment by the people involved†- Bill Gates. Introduction Having the right man for the right job is imperative for corporate success. The person that installs the cabinetry for ABC Inc. is probably not the same person you want managing the financial responsibilities and obligations. Employees of ABC Complete Kitchens Inc. encompass a similar work ethic, professionalism and accountability however; their skills vary and need to be accommodated suitably within the company. Maintaining this level of expectation is imperative to achieve organizational success. Maturity, health, financial stability and the ability to compensate accordingly to current and long term fiscal challenges is the responsibility of the financial manager and within this organization or for ABC Inc. the Chief Financial Officer (CFO). The CFO assesses, directs, monitors, controls, develops strategies, plans for current and long term financial goals and most importantly determines the organizations investment decisions. The CFO and/or financial manager must â€Å"weigh the costs and benefits of all investments and projects and decide which of them qualify as good uses of the money† (Northcentral University, 2011. 7; 709). This is money invested by others as well as yourselves within this company. There are three main tasks financial managers are responsible for beyond applying management  standards to financial capital or income of this conglomerate. These consist of; making (preferably good) investment decisions, financial decisions and managing the company’s cash flow on a day to day and a long term basis. In order to stand behind these investment decisions, it is imperative to understand the terminology and processes within the financial systems development. Assets Assets are items of ownership that can be converted into cash or have an exchange value. They are investments this company has made. From an accounting point of view, assets can be divided further into two categories, current and long-term assets. Current assets are cash or other liquid items that can be turned into cash within one year. Marketable securities are short term, low risk investments such as, the current stock you hold and what it is worth or can be sold at. Accounts receivable are debts owed to this company by consumers for products and services provided already on credit. Inventories are assets comprised of raw materials such as cabinetry, sinks, and appliances including kitchens being currently installed that ABC Inc. still owns. There are other current assets that we will view on our balance sheet later on and they are mostly prepaid expenses and deferred assets as well as expenditures for future costs such as insurance, rent and interest. Intangible assets have no physical existence. These can include intellectual property or employees who attain knowledge and skill (NCU, 2011. 7:13). If the employee leaves to go to another organization, this is considered an intangible asset. Perception of the company within the community is important. Take for example the communities perception of the company. Wal-Mart and most recently Target with their credit card theft issue experienced intangible assets. Copyrights, patents and goodwill are also intangible assets. â€Å"Recently, I was asked if I was going to fire an employee who made a mistake that cost the company $600,000. No, I replied, I just spent $600,000 training him. Why would I want somebody to hire his experience?†-Thomas J. Watson (founder of IBM). Liabilities A liability is an obligation to creditors, an entity arising from past transactions, where the settlement can result in the transfer of assets,  services or other yielding of benefits in the future. They include any type of borrowing from persons or banks for improving on a business or increasing personal income. Liabilities of this company are duties or responsibilities that require settlement by future use of assets at or by a specific date, over a short or long time period or possibly on demand. Liabilities are categorized as current and long-term classification. Classifying liabilities as either current or long term will assist ABC Inc’s CFO assess if the risk of these liabilities will involve disbursement of cash or further company assets in the near or distant future. A current liability will be satisfied within one year. Diving deeper into the definition of current liabilities, a company also identifies them as debts that are expected to be taken care of with current assets or with the use of other current liabilities. Accounts payable are considered the total sum of monies or obligations owed to purveyors for goods and/or services purchased with credit. When accounts payable are paid off, it represents a negative cash flow for the company. Short-term debt otherwise known as notes payable is the reimbursement that will occur within the next year to satisfy a debt. Items that are known monies of the company that have not been paid such as the salary for employees or taxes and deferred or unearned profit that has been received for products that have not been distributed are classified within the current liability category (NCU, 2011. 7:23-24). Long-term liabilities are debts payable over a longer period of time and unlike current liabilities, extend beyond one year. Examples of these are long-term debts, a capitol lease and deferred taxes. Long-term debt involves the obligation of our company to compensate our providers for a period of time that extends beyond one year. Currently, ABC Inc’s long-term debt consists of the construction of buildings overseas as well as most of our products utilized in the assembly of the kitchens. A capitol lease is a contract that requires this organization to make scheduled payments in exchange for the use of a certain asset. An agreement is made between ABC Inc. and another proprietor to compensate for use of things such as equipment, the plant or property. ABC Inc. needs to bear this risk and act as if it is owned as a company asset. Deferred taxes are taxes this company owes but has yet to pay. They appear as a liability because eventually they will be paid for however currently the company has exceeded its financial  income. Owners Equity or Shareholders Equity Owners or shareholders equity is the ownerships interest in a corporation in the form of common or preferred stock. This amount is calculated and identified as shareholders equity, net worth or book value (Averkamp, 2013). The equity a company has is determined by taking the total assets and subtracting the total liabilities. Equity is the quantity of ABC Inc’s assets that you as shareholders own, as opposed to what the company borrowed. Owner’s equity is also classified as net worth or net assets; it’s your interest as owners in this company. Equity can be considered as the calculation of a company’s money that is left over if an asset were converted to cash and all of the current and long-term liabilities against it are paid. Equity is the stock this company and you as individuals possess, it is the value of the assets that you the proprietor actually own. Assets are equal to equity plus liabilities, thus indicating how much of the company’s asset s belong to or are owned and by whom. The Balance Sheet The balance or statement of financial position lists the company’s assets and liabilities, providing a model of the corporation’s financial position at any given time. The balance sheet summarizes the remainder of all the assets, liabilities and overall worth of a company’s accounts as of a specific date, usually the last day of the accounting period or the last day of the quarter or fiscal year (Thomsett, 2011). The fundamental accounting equation is; the sum of all asset account balances is equal to the sum of liabilities plus net worth accounts. It can at times be utilized and analyzed as an estimate of the liquidation worth of the corporation, aiding in foreseeing the value that would be left if the assets were bought and liabilities remunerated. A balance sheet must provide a fair and valid view of an organization’s state of affairs as well as abiding by the provisions of GAAP in its preparation. A balance sheet states: What assets the company owns How assets are paid for What the company owes or what they are liable for Amount left after satisfying their debts Balance Sheet Analysis and Current Ratio Analyzing the balance sheet assesses the company’s value, control and short term cash needs. The balance sheet is a quantitative summary of a company’s financial situation or condition at a specific point in time, including but not limited to assets, liabilities and net worth. The first part of a balance sheet shows all the productive assets a company owns, and the second part shows all the financing procedures, the liabilities and the shareholders equity. This is better seen from the table demonstrated on the next page. The asset accounts are added together, providing the total amount of the corporation’s properties prior to being decreased by debts and obligations. The balance sheet is comprised of assets and liabilities, each with similar sub-groups providing a final explanation of the balance sheet subsection for reference. The total of all liabilities plus net worth accounts is always equal to the total of all assets, WITHOUT EXCEPTION! â€Å"How is the balance accomplished? The sum of liabilities and net worth is always equal to the value of all asset accounts because of double-entry bookkeeping. Every entry has a debit and a credit and these are equal in value. They may also be thought of as a plus and a minus. At any time, the sum of all accounts in the corporate books will add up to zero, because debits and credits offset one another â€Å"(Thomsett, 2013). It is important to remember that creditors often compare a company’s current assets and current liabilities to evaluate whether or not the company has adequate working capital to endure their short-term financial needs. This comparison can be summarized in the company’s current ratio. The current ratio is the percentage of current assets in relation to their current liabilities. A higher current ratio gives the implication of the company experiencing less risk of a cash deficit in the near future (NCU, 2011. 7:727). The Income Statement The income statement shows the company’s net income or profitability during a specific period of time. The income statement can also be referred to as the profit and loss, or â€Å"P&L† statement, and the net income is also referred to as the company’s earnings (NCU, 2011). The income statement is based on the accounting equation that; income equals revenue minus expenses which in turn illustrates the value of the owner’s equity as increasing or decreasing. The income statement analysis explains how the profitability of  the company relates to the company’s shares. Different ratios are used providing information on ABC Inc’s operation and worth (NCU, 2011). Conclusion This leaves us now analyzing not only the national but also the international fiscal aspects of ABC Complete Kitchens Incorporated. Generating sales overseas is taking this company to new heights within the business world. The income statement or statement of financial performance catalogs the company’s revenues and expenses. It is putting our name on the map while increasing profit, employment opportunities and as the Board of Directors; you are responsible for maintaining this stature. This position is not only exciting, it is manageable as well. As a project manager I foresee significant advancement within all of the departments. If everyone involved collaborates cohesively, communicates respectfully and complies with ABC Complete Kitchen Incorporated’s mission and vision, the finality will be a company that ultimately produces an exceptional product with complete customer and corporate satisfaction. References Averkamp, H. (2013). What is owners equity? Accounting Coach, LLC. Fort Atkinson, WI Retrieved from: http://www.accountingcoach.com/privacy-policy (2011). SKS 5000- Business strategies for organizational effectiveness within the global perspective. Pearson Learning Solutions ISBN: 9780558870447 (2013). List of key accounting terms and definitions. InvestorGuide Staff. Retrieved from: http://www.investorguide.com/article/13789/list-of-key-accounting- terms-and-definitions/ Thomsett, M., C. (2013). The balance sheet. Getting Started in Stock Investing and Trading Retrieved from: http://www.investorguide.com/article/12689/the-balance-sheet-ws/

Journal of Food Safety

As we know, Johor was affected by the worst flood in 100 years in December 2006 and that disaster comes again in January 2007. According to historical of the natural disasters such as flood, food in affected areas may become contaminated and consequently be at risk for outbreaks of food-borne diseases, including diarrhea, dysentery, cholera, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever. Poor sanitation, including lack of safe water and toilet facilities and lack of suitable conditions to prepare food have led to mass outbreaks of food-borne diseases. The Minister of Malaysia Health were worried about cases, the improper sanitary facilities and contaminated water supply during flood at housing areas or at relief centers would result in contaminated food, as a prevention step, Assistant Environmental Health Officers (AEHO) has assign to made monitoring of food hygiene vital. The objective of this monitoring is to describe food hygiene surveillance activities carried out in flood relief centers and flood affected areas and the result that were carried out was determined. The food hygiene surveillance activities were carried out by the Assistant Environmental Health Officers (AEHO) in the districts and. Among the surveillance activities carried out are inspection of food preparation areas in relief centers, inspection of food premises in flood affected areas and food sampling. Premise inspections were carried out using a specific inspection format. For food samples inspections, the food samples that were emphasis included ready to eat and raw foods. For ready to eat foods holding samples were also taken. Samples taken were sent to Public Health Laboratory, Johor Bahru for microbiological analysis. Anti typhoid vaccination for food handlers were also carried out. Apart from that, observations made by the health teams were also taken into account. A total of 3,159 food preparation areas in relief centers were inspected. During the same period, a total of 2,317 food premises in flood affected areas were inspected as soon these premises started operating after the floods. Among the processes that had given highlighting during inspection were holding and serving of food where temperatures control and holding time were vital for food safety. Along with the areas given emphasis during the inspection were kitchens, stores, food packaging areas, food transportation vehicles and serving areas. Cooking utensils, water sources, hand washing facilities, garbage disposal area, pest control and suitability of building structures for preparation of food were also given a big attention during the inspections. .Base on the inspection that have done by the Assistant Environmental Health Officers (AEHO), the inspections showed that 69 food preparation areas in relief centers and 181 food premises in flood affected areas had unsatisfactory hygiene. Not only food premises areas are considering in those inspections, apart from that, the hygiene and practices of all food handlers were also monitored. Insanitary food preparation areas in relief centers and food premises were given health education and warnings to maintain hygiene by the Assistant Environmental Health Officers (AEHO). A total of 1,566 holding samples were taken and 425 samples were sent to the laboratory for analysis. Base on the result, they have gathered out that 46 of the samples analyzed were found to be positive for pathogenic bacteria such as E. coli, staphylococcus aureus and salmonella. The health personnel from the Johor Health Department in various districts carried out an excellent job in ensuring food safety during the floods. There were no outbreaks of food poisoning. However analysis of food samples taken during the floods did show the presence of pathogenic organisms but probably their numbers were not high enough to cause any food poisoning. When the flood has affected some areas, the contamination from microorganism into food were easily contaminated, that contamination can always occur at all points of the food chain, for instants inadequate washing, handling and cooking of food just before consumption is still a prime cause of food-borne diseases. Many infectious diseases are preventable by observing simple hygienic rules during food preparation whether in family settings or in large food catering facilities. According to the guidelines provided by the World Health Organization (WHO), there are five keys for safer food in disaster situation such as keeping clean, separating raw and cooked food, cooking thoroughly, keeping food at safe temperatures and lastly using safe water and raw materials. As a rational, the education to all individuals have to concern more to avoid the unwanted condition occurs, for instant when a disaster such as flood occurs, the public would already understand and be prepared to apply their knowledge in hygiene and food safety. As an example, the hand washing method which involves seven steps needs to be imbibed into all individuals through health education campaigns so that it becomes a common practice amongst all individuals. As a very good solution the promotion and enforcement of food hygiene requirements should be carried out continuously to ensure that every individual understands the need for hygiene and food safety during disaster situation such as flood.

Based on your own holistic assessment of a child who has difficulty Essay Example

Based on your own holistic assessment of a child who has difficulty Essay Example Based on your own holistic assessment of a child who has difficulty Essay Based on your own holistic assessment of a child who has difficulty Essay This assignment is centred on a 3 twelvemonth old male child, Martin who is exhibiting behaviors unacceptable to his chief carer. The individualities of the household and other personal inside informations have been changed for the intent of this assignment to keep namelessness. This assignment will show how to set up and farther develop a loving and nurturing relationship. It will clearly place the importance of the positive relationships for all kids within their first old ages of life and how these are formed through bonding and fond regard. This piece of work will discourse the principals of humanistic psychological science and depict the societal acquisition theory, it will demo how Martin`s behaviours relate to these theories. It will place the importance of the professional/parent relationships and barriers which may impact these relationships. The assignment will place what a holistic appraisal is, its relevancy and importance, and will place the possible grounds for Martin`s behavior. Schemes will be examined to back up his female parent to implement positive parenting manners, measuring these manners, and the demand for consistence to promote positive behaviors. The procedure of attachment develops between two people and is enhanced by reciprocality. It is a societal relationship which develops between kid and grownup as portion of the security cementing the feelings of security towards each other. Lorenz ( 1950 ) investigated why babe animate beings bonded with their female parents so rapidly after birth, he found that freshly hatched ducklings imprint on the first thing they see and follow that figure as if it were their female parent, Lorenz suggested that there was a sensitive period during a goslings life where it would `fix` on any moving figure . This sensitive period was instantly after the birth. Bowlby ( 1969 ) further developed this theory, his decisions lead to the theory that there is besides a sensitive period in a humans life, and if bonding and attachment doesn`t take topographic point within the first old ages so the kid will happen trouble organizing relationships in ulterior life. He stated that, even good mothering is a bout useless if delayed until after the age of two and a half old ages ( Bowlby 1969 ) . Bowlby argued against Lorenz s theory in that worlds have a demand for a two manner fond regard, different from that of ducks but there was a sort of human imprinting, ( Lunt and Sylva,1995 p.33 ) a sensitive period and a demand to repair on one individual and remain fixed. Bowlby ( 1969 ) besides discovered that human babes are attracted to the sight and sound of worlds instead than other objects and noises ( Lunt and Sylva,1995 p.45 ) . He besides stated that an fond regard can non be formed after the age of two old ages six months nevertheless Tizard ( 1977 ) argued that kids could organize fond regards in subsequently childhood but resulted in aggressive, perchance juvenile delinquency in adolescent old ages and early maturity. In the survey by Anna Freud ( 1950 ) of the orphaned Bull Dog Banks kids she concluded that kids can develop fond regards without a female parent or male parent figure and even without a consistent grownup The kids faired laudably by protecting and caring for each other ( Lunt and Sylva 1995 p.14 ) . These kids grew strong fond regards with each other and became to a great extent reliant on each other for security. However no information is known about any earlier bonding or fond regard with birth parents, which is a defect in this research. Later in life they did get down to organize fond regards with grownups. This research was inconclusive as no farther grounds was available in the kids s later lives to turn out once and for all that the absence of a female parent fond regard is important for ulterior emotional stableness. Harlow ( 1958 ) in his survey of the Rhesus Monkeys argued that if the initial bond and, comfort, reassurance, touch, stableness and reciprotical love is non present so socialisation with others is hard, as is copulating, and mothering of their ain progeny later in life. Shafer and Emerson ( 1962 ) found that most babies formed fond regards to several people, related through blood ties or non, and by the age of 18 months babies have formed many fond regards. These fond regards are based on the quality of the interaction. Babies whose female parents play a batch with them, and give them plentifulness of stimulation and undivided attending, develop stronger fond regards ( Lunt and Sylva,1995 p.49 ) . An attachment develops for endurance intents, the forming of this attachment possibly hard for a assortment of grounds including, prematureness, birth troubles, depression, or hapless childhood experiences. The fond regard of an baby can be judged by the babes reaction to being separated from the grownup. Ainsworth ( 1978 ) suggested that separation shows in different signifiers, the kid may be avoidant, ambivalent or disorganised and disorientated, she suggested that this may attest and demo that fond regards are either secure or insecure with the chief health professional. Each kid reacts otherwise to being separated from their parents but all follow a form of protest, desperation and so withdrawal, this reflects a kid with a positive strong fond regard. Adhering takes topographic point instantly after or within hours of birth, this bond iniates a procedure called fond regard which so starts to develop. This bond is established between a parent and baby, it encompasses the strong feelings of love and attention that a female parent or male parent feels toward a kid ( Andrews, Murray, 2005.p.2 ) . This early bond is important for babes and is seen as indispensable for them to be able to develop positive fond regards later in life ( Beresford, 2010. p. 4 ) . Infant massage meets the of import elements that support attachment it involves high degrees of oculus contact, skin contact, voicing, babe cues and The `dance `of acquisition closely about one another ( McClure, 2004. p.50 ) . Infant massage allows parent and kid to be in sync with one another. If bonding or the oncoming of fond regard has been delayed due to separation of the parent and kid, massage can assist to set up fond regard which McClure ( 2004 ) grounds is neer excessiv ely late. An insecure fond regard leads to troubles in maturity, managing feelings good, and these can be passed on when a parent finds it difficult to react adequately to their babes. Attachment is necessary for the model constitution of emotional security. The absence of this can take to low ego regard and an incapacity to cover with life`s challenges. ( Gerhardt 2004 p.24 ) St. martins parents were both portion of his early experiences in his early months and old ages. They were every bit antiphonal to Martin, with sensitiveness and consistence, run intoing his basic psychological demands every bit good as his emotional and developmental demands. Maslow ( 1954 ) Humanistic attack suggests that all worlds have complex demands that need to be met, get downing with physiological demands, the order is hierarchal and each degree needs to be met before a move can be made upward to self actualising ( see appendix 1 ) . This work was seen as A unsmooth on the job generalization about most people in most state of affairss, but it is non truly adequate as an account of human motive ( Haynes, 1994 p.435 ) . Erikson ( 1968 ) states that All of life is a series of challenges that must be overcome in order for us to be at easiness with ourselves but non that each challenge would necessitate to be satisfied before undertaking another, nevertheless back uping Masl ow trigon that everyone needs to make their possible. Rogers ( 1961 ) argues against Maslow and proposes that there are two cardinal human demands, positive respect, to be loved and respected by another, and secondly, self- realization. Both are basic demands, and these could non be left unrealized without psychological injury to a individual ( Haynes.1994 p.436 ) . Social larning theory is an attack that is believed to back up kid develop through kids larning from other people around them, copying and patterning behaviors on others. Learning takes topographic point through our interactions with the environment. Feelingss do non do behavior, it is the environment and stimulation that do ( Beresford, 2010 p. 2 ) . Our experiences act upon how we are now and we will be in the hereafter. Everyone has familial sensitivities towards certain sorts of behavior, it is our experiences which will impact how those inclinations manifest themselves ( Haynes, 1994 p.728 ) . Imitation helps a kid gather information and learn whole forms of behavior. A Freudian theory is that a kid will place with the parent of the same sex as themselves a construct of designation, taking on that individual s individuality and modeling from them, it is a elusive manner in which a immature kid absorbs or assimilates the features of another individual without any direct ins truction or acquisition ( Lunt and Sylva, 1995 p181 ) . Children are driven by attending and wagess and will more readily copy person they see rewarded for a behavior or their actions ( Bandura 1969 ) . Children identify with others, they see some people as being like themselves and others as different, they may move in the same manner they see the other individual moving and so identifying with them, peculiarly people near to them. As kids move through the phases of development ( see appendix 2 ) they develop an apprehension of how the head works, what they can and ca nt make ( their restrictions ) and how the memory works. Children learn to construe other people s behavior and predict what may be traveling on in person else s head, this forms their determinations for their interactions with that individual, This type of societal knowledge is an of import acquisition mechanism for the kid as it learns to set its ain behavior to socially acceptable norms and values ( Haynes, 1994 p.729 ) . Bandura ( 1963 ) Bobo doll experiment found that kids who observed aggressive behavior, imitated the actions, These experiments have shown the power of acquisition by imitation ( Lunt and Sylva,1995 p.176 ) . Martin is showing he has learnt behaviors from his male parent, he has identified with him as a male function theoretical account, The effect of his behavior is that he receives his female parents attending, this he i nterprets as a wages. A holistic appraisal is an information assemblage tool, it gives a full image of the whole household, and their set of fortunes ( see appendix 3 ) . The intent of an appraisal is to understand what has go oning within a household unit to utilize this as a usher for any future planning ( Brandon, 2008.p.240 ) . Parents are the experts of their ain kids, they are`in tune` with them. The holistic attack shows to the parent that they are valued and that the professionals personal values and opinions are non being used. This supports the mutual parent/professional relationship ( Fahlberg, 2008. p.228 ) . Taking inside informations of the past history may supply hints or place events in a child`s life that have some bearing on the presenting troubles within the household. In Martin`s household it identified that his male parent had been a function theoretical account of aggressive behavior and, there had been a recent household separation, taking to Martin losing one of his chief carers, one he had most attached to and identified with. A holistic appraisal will place how the parent perceives the kid, and frailty versa, the parents and child`s strengths every bit good as failings. Fahlberg ( 2008 ) states that a good instance program makes usage of a child`s strengths to turn to demands and overcome failings ( Fahlberg 2008.p.227 ) . Martin s holistic appraisal does non offer chance to discourse his positive properties ; it focuses on jobs and concerns and gives the feeling of overall negativeness. Fahlberg ( 2008 ) suggests that it is indispensable for a parent to experience optimistic and confident to alter behaviors to concentrate on the kid s strengths. To obtain a full image of the household and fortunes all professionals working with or antecedently known to the household should be contacted. Brandon et Al ( 1999 ) suggests that without this information garnering detailing family/professional battle and services delivered an accurate appraisal can non be mad e ( Brandon et al 1999.p.177 ) . Parents will prosecute with professionals they feel comfy with, those willing to offer clip and construct up a rapour and trust, be respectful and non judgemental. Knowing what to anticipate when nearing households can be really re-assuring to them ( Aldgate, Cleaver, Unwell 2009. p.102 ) . By successfully finishing an appraisal it will place an action program to work on to positively alter the troubles for the kid and carers. It will besides mend relationships, support ego regard and assurance edifice in the kid so back uping them to run into their possible, as Maslow ( 1969 ) suggests self actualise. A kid entirely does non do a job, person has to comprehend or see the actions as a job ( Beresford, 2010.p.1 ) . Martin`s female parent did comprehend his behavior as debatable, and needed schemes to use to work towards changes his behavior. A full household appraisal affecting farther multi bureau work and intercessions help to place other possible experiences that possibly indexs to Martin`s behavior ( O`Rouke, 2005 p.2 ) . These may include external environmental issues including, mental wellness, lodging, poorness or substance abuse. Without a deeper appraisal premises could be made but would be damaging. Aldgate et Al ( 2009 ) suggests Comprehensive and holistic appraisals which place equal accent on the kid, household and environment, are indispensable. ( Aldgate et Al, 2009.P.99 ) . However parents may be fearful of uncovering their jobs as it may take to punitory reactions by professionals, so may non give permission for revelation of information by other bureaus or may non be true ( Aldgate et Al, 2009.p.100 ) . The ABC scheme of behaviour direction includes detecting the child`s behavior, placing the ancestors, which include where the kid is, who the kid is with, what clip of twenty-four hours the behavior occur, an accurate description of precisely what the behavior is, what is said or done, and to whom. Consequences of the behavior so necessitate to be observed, the events that instantly follow, the wagess given to the kid to excuse the behavior and reinforce ( see appendix 4 ) . The child`s single developmental cognitive ability demands to be considered when formulising a program, every bit good as the parents cognitive ability degree ( see appendix 5 ) . If these are non assessed and the parent non engaged in the procedure there will be no ownership and it is likely to neglect ( Phelan,2003.p.2-3 ) . Skinner ( 1983 ) states that through Law of Effect acquisition occurs as a consequence of positive, or negative support. However Jenner ( 1999 ) provinces when you receive something you like after a behavior you are more likely to reiterate it, when something you like is withdrawn as a consequence of behavior you are less likely to make it once more ( Jenner, 1999.p.171 ) . Martin received attending from his female parent and, got his ain manner. The attending received may non hold been positive but the consequence was, in his position, a wages. It is indispensable to affect parents, to go at their gait and be considerate to environmental and any physical prohibitors. The program should include clearly identified ends, be accomplishable, mensurable and clip limited, re-evaluation and flexibleness besides need to be taken into history, as fortunes and other factors may alter for the kid. Jenner ( 1999 ) states that consistence is important and, Accurate timing ensures that your impact on your child`s behavior is every bit powerful as possible ( Jenner. 1999 p.169 ) . This assignment has set out the cardinal principals of adhering an fond regard and the importance of bonding and secure fond regards for kids. It has identified the acquisition that takes topographic point between babe and parent and how reacting to each other physiques an everlasting trusting relationship. It has identified the importance of this procedure to develop a secure fond regard and that without this a kid may non accomplish their possible. It has discussed the cardinal principals of humanistic psychological science and the societal acquisition theory. Highlighted with Martin copying his male parent taking to unwanted behavior. This assignment stresses the importance of a through holistic appraisal, farther professional communicating between bureaus, which so for allows the most effectual working partnerships between professionals and parents. The ABC theoretical account of behaviour direction has been discussed and has identified how it can be used with the parent s battle to alter behaviors. Suzanne was portion of this procedure and she recognised who the function theoretical account and been for Martin, the ancestors and effects and was so able to implement alterations she felt necessary. Word Count = 2667 Mentions. ALDERGATE, J. CLEAVER, H. UNELL, I. ( 1999 ) Children`s Needs- Parenting Capacity The Impact of Parental Mental Illness, Problem Alcohol And Drug Use, And Domestic Violence on Children`s Development, Norwich: TSO @ Blackwell ANDREWS, L. MURRAY, L. ( 2005 ) The Social Baby Understanding Babies Communication from Birth Richmond: CP Printing BERESFORD, S. ( 2010 ) Nature Nuture/ Behaviour troubles, Grantham College Notes BRANDON, M. HININGS, D. HOWE, D. SCHOFIELD, G. ( 1999 ) Attachment Theory, Child Maltreatment And Family Support. Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan FAHLBERG, VI. ( 2008 ) A Childs Journey through Placement UK Edition, London, BAAF British Association for Adoption and Fostering. GERHARDT, S. ( 2004 ) Why love Matters, East Sussex: Routledge HAYNES, N. ( 1994 ) Foundations of Psychology An Introductory Text, London: Routledge JENNER, S. ( 1999 ) The Parent Child Game, London: Bloomsbury Publishing Plc LUNT, I. SYLVA, K. ( 1995 ) Child Development A First Course, Oxford: Blackwell Publishers Ltd McCLURE, V. ( 2001 ) Infant massage A enchiridion for loving parents, London: Souvenir Press O`ROUKE, L. ( 2005 ) For The Record: Recording Skills Training Manual, Lyme Regis: RHP PHELAN, T. ( 2003 ) 123 charming 3rd Edition, United States of America: Independent Publishers Group

Exploring the Senses Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Exploring the Senses - Essay Example These neurotransmitters produce action potentials thus converting the chemical response into electrical signals to be interpreted by the brain and producing the sensation of a salty taste. Since the structure of the taste buds is the same no matter where they are located on the tongue and all taste buds provide differentiation between the varying tastes, the tip of the tongue can detect all tastes. The degree of sensitivity may vary across the tongue but the tip is still able to pick up the different tastes. A super-taster is a person who has an increased sensitivity to different tastes than an average person. One explanation can be that they might have a higher than average number of taste buds and thus cell receptors. Since it is the taste buds that take the chemical stimuli and convert them into electrical signals via cranial nerves to be interpreted into the different tastes by the brain; the presence of more taste buds could increase a super-taster’s sensitivity and intensify their taste

Miranda Act Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Miranda Act - Essay Example Nevertheless, unexpectedly, every single one of these studies was carried out within the period of the Miranda resolution, and none has been repeated afterward. Hence, the entire literature on the impact of the Miranda Act on individuals and law enforcement personnel originates from studies that were carried out during the early years of Miranda (Cassell & Fowles, 1998). Because the more enduring effect of a court resolution is more relevant to academics than its immediate impacts, as expressed by Leo (1996), it is astonishing that no academic has investigated the effect of the Miranda Act in almost three decades. The Miranda Act has been the most contentious and the most condemned case of the Supreme Court in the United States criminal justice (Fridell, 2006). Even though nobody has methodically studied the continuing impacts of Miranda on collective awareness, court cases, or law enforcement methods and behavior, the subject matter of Miranda’s effect is still a root of cont ention among academics and practitioners (Leo, 1996). Despite the unending debate between liberal and conservative scholars of the Miranda Act, law enforcement personnel have effectively adjusted to the provision of Miranda of ‘pre-interrogation constitutional warnings’ (Leo, 1996, 628) in recent years. A significant portion of the law enforcement community respects the ideals and logic of Miranda and does not challenge its legitimacy anymore. Law enforcement personnel, according to Cassell and Fowles (1998), like detectives and police officers, nowadays have also embraced the legitimacy of the Miranda Act and accepted its importance as a representation of police competence. In Miranda vs. Arizona, the United States Supreme Court declared suspects within detention - or a logical custodial condition - have to be recommended of their right to stay silent, that no matter what they state, could be utilized against them and that they have a right to a legal representative. O nce a legal representative is called, police force can only utilize statements made with the presence of a legal representative as proof in any trial (Wise, 1996). The case involves is about a 13 years old boy of North Carolina, charged for two break-ins within Chapel Hill. The boy was dragged from his classroom and was inquired by police officials along with school officials in a closed conference room. Finally, the boy admitted to the break-ins. Just after the admission, the investigator notified that he did not have to talk with him and that he was allowed to go, court proceedings mentioned. After that, the boy was permitted to go home; however, a police official armed with a warrant later looked around within his home for the items stolen (Gardner & Anderson, 2009). Two adolescent appeals were filed, charging him with â€Å"breaking and entering and with aggravated burglary. His public advocate encouraged to suppress his statements and the evidence derived from them† (Sch malleger, 2001), declaring that he had been cross-examined within a custodial situation without being provided Miranda advices and that his statements were unconscious. The legal representative of trial refused the proposal. Studies on the effect of the Miranda Act used various methodologies, such as interviews, secondary data analysis, and participant observation. The common agreement of these studies is that after adapting at first to the new directives promulgated in the Miranda resolution, law enforcement abided by the rules, but not the essence, of the